Discuss in Detail Ways in Which Variations in the English Language Reflect the Society They Are Situated in Essay

Discuss in detail ways in which variations in the English language reflect the society they are situated in. According to Walt Wolfram, â€Å"Language sows its own seeds of change. Social context gives it the fertile ground to grow and spread.† The global spread of English has inevitably led to the formation of new varieties such as Singlish and Hinglish, which are different in their own ways. The differences among these variations, in terms of lexical choice, structure and even pronunciation, are due to the different context and needs of the societies. These include the economical incentive of English in the society, social groups and their cultural make up. The economic incentive of learning English in the society plays a big role in the type of variation that distinguishes the new Englishes from other varieties. With the affluent and powerful recognizing the importance of English to connect, be a part of the global platform and even acquire well paying jobs, the aspiring mi ddle class, who makes up the majority in any societies, would find it very lucrative to learn English, so as to be associated with them. However, in most societies where English is considered a foreign language, learning it in language school is very expensive and usually is an option for the wealthy. As a result, they would pick up bits and pieces of lexical items from the English language, and use it in their speech, maintaining the structure of their native language. An example would be Hinglish, where â€Å"my head is eating circles,† is a direct translation of † mera sir chakkar kha raha hai.’, effectively keeping the structure of Hindi. In India, majority of good Standard English speakers are from the upper class due to the exorbitant fees of the language schools. As such, the variation of English in this case reflects the economical incentives and the income gap in the society, where there is a negative association of the variety due to speakers not being able to afford the education of Standard English. In Text B(i), lexical chain pertaining to negativity is adopted to be referred to code m ixed languages. They include, â€Å"gutter- speak†, â€Å"bad† and â€Å"consequence† However, as the use of the variation used by the lower and middle class increase due to the population distribution, it might lead to the acceptance of the dialect in the whole society, then coming up with a more organized and uniform variety that most members of society would understand. This uniformity of the variety reflects the social acceptance of the variation. In Text B(i), semantic field of uniqueness is adopted to

The Art of Washing Dishes

Process Analysis: The Art of Washing Dishes Eibby Porras Hodges University ENG-0992 Professor Greg Durrschmidt July 9, 2012 Process Analysis: The Art of Washing Dishes My Aunt Grace taught me a very important lesson: the art of washing dishes. When I was eight years old, she invited me to her home for dinner. Afterwards, taking me to her modest kitchen, she asked me to help her wash dishes. She started by telling me the story of how she learned with my great grandmother and today was my opportunity to learn this splendid lesson.This method starts before getting to the sink at the dinning table, by dividing all dishes. At the sink, they are carefully washed with soap and water in a specific order. The process comes to an end by drying and putting everything away. Her rule was never leave dirty dishes over hour in the sink and even worst never leave them for the next day, because it was unhygienic. This of course was many years ago.This process starts at the dinning table; once everyon e has finished eating, they are excuse to leave the table. The first step is to clean all the dishes from leftovers; then the plates are arranged by dimension and they are piled up carefully without making a lot of noise, then all silverware is put together and finally glasses are picked up. Next, all dishes are taken to the sink; the amazing part is that no soaking is required because as soon as everyone is finished, dishes are washed.The next step is to put soap on a sponge and start washing first all glasses as a result; glasses will be free from stains and grease. Consequently, plates are washed with soap and water. Finally, all silverware is washed. All dishes are then rinsed off following the same order glasses, plates and silverware placing them on dish rack. Glasses need to be facing down, so that water runs down from the inside faster, plates are put vertically and silverware can be put vertically or horizontally.Back in the day there was not optional to leave dishes out to dry by them selves, dishes had to be dried with a towel and then placed back in the cabinet. In conclusion, I have to admit that being a housewife is not a easy job, personally I dislike doing dishes not matter which way they are done; oftentimes when I leave dishes overnight I wake up saying to myself Aunt Grace said do dishes within an hour. I reminisce and cherish that moment. It was a very special day.

Antisemitism in Mein Kampf Essay

Mein Kampf is a book of two volumes authored by Adolf Hitler. The first volume was written whilst dictated to Rudolph Hess and Emile Maurice in Landsberg prison where Hitler was sentenced to following the failure of an attempted coup d’etat of the Bavarian government in 1924. Mein Kampf is significant amongst historiography as it is thought to be an insight into the mind of Adolf Hitler. This book is not only autobiographical but full of memoires and political ideologies, which have subsequently sparked debate as to whether this piece of primary historical evidence can be regarded as the blue-print for Hitler’s future ambitions. An intentionalist view by Historians’ such as Lucy Dawidowicz, argues that the Holocaust was the result of Hitler’s long term plan, whereas the functionalist perspective by Historians’ such as Christopher Browning is of the result of a competing agents within the Reich to answer the Jewish question. Chapter 11 of Mein Kampf: Nation and Race, shows to comprehend with the intentionalist interpretation that this did indeed set the foundation for Holocaust as a propaganda medium. Chapter 11 of Mein Kampf is a race rhetoric that advocates social-Darwinism in favour of the German Aryan race and even justifies war with the ‘racially lower’. This chapter refers to natural selection within humanity as the will of nature and of God. The word ‘Nature’ is emphasised being mentioned 20 times within the passage purveying it as a natural process. The mixing of genes with ‘lesser’ races are referred to as a sin against God, in which context Jews are included. Language used in this passage has been described as using metaphors to enforce racial prejudice, although evident is how the use of language has not only been used for easily digestible comparisons, but also as graphic and horrifying, such as ‘blood poisoning’ when describing breeding with a ‘weaker race’. Also described are the consequences of the integration of races and given examples of how this would be catastrophic for humanity. In regards to the book as a whole, anti-Semitism is consistent throughout Mein Kampf and is evident of Hitler’s hatred of the Jewish people, with quotes of ‘real’ Germans surviving in the war if a great number of Jews had been killed with poison gas. Mein Kampf was written at a time when Hitler was banned from public speaking. This indicates that the production of Mein Kamp as composed as a method in which Hitler could communicate with the public legitimately. Volume 2 of Mein Kamp is also said to be written in plain spoken language. This indicates it was written for all people to be able read, proving it as a propaganda tool. After Hitler’s Chancellorship in January 1933 Mein Kampf was eventually introduced into schools, placed on trains and presented to every bridal couple. The mass circulation of this book again proves only t o show it as a propaganda medium. Anti-Semitism was not unique to Mein Kampf and was a keen topic of Hitler’s in many political statements given in meetings. Hitler exclaims in September 1919 that the Jewish people are a race and not a religious community, and how this race are corrupt and disliked by a large section of ‘our people’ through emotion. A year later he states that a German citizen can only be one of German blood. As head of the Nazi party Hitler placed Joseph Goebbels as the head of Nazi propaganda, who wrote in the anti-Semitic newspaper ‘Der Angriff’ from 1926. In here is written how Jews’ are destroying the German community and how they must be removed from the community or they will ever corrupt it. Hitler’s ‘last will and testament’ written hours before his suicide tells of a hatred for Jews and also blaming the Jews for the war. These sources prove that Mein Kampf was not just a unique rant of anti-Semitism, Hitler believed in this hatred of the Jews’ evident here as early as 1919, days after his first attendance at a DAP meeting. This reinforces Mein Kampf as weapon of anti-Semitic propaganda at a time when Hitler could not address the public in person. Another element that points to this being a blue-print for the Holocaust was that Hitler wrote (or dictated) Mein Kampf with the intention of becoming a fascist style leader, but not only a leader, the chosen one and almost messiah-like. The failed Beer-Hall Putsch in Munich was directly influenced by the success of Benito Mussolini’s March on Rome which had immediately led to his appointment of Prime Minister of Italy; proving Hitler’s ambitions before he authored Mein Kampf. This shows Hitler always had the ambition of become a fascist style leader in Germany who would have had the power, with support from the nation, via propaganda, to eliminate the Jews from Germany. Although the ‘chosen one’ notion comes into play when in Mein Kampf it states that â€Å"Fate will someday gift the nation with a man endowed with the purpose of leading the nation out of a great depression and elimination of a bitter distress†. The elimination of a itter distress can only be regarded to ‘the Jewish problem’ as anti-Semitism is a recurring theme in the book, but Fate sending this man who is made for the job sounds messiah-like, which with Hitler’s proven ambition to become this leader would mean that if this propaganda was effective, he would become the ‘chosen leader’ and his book of propaganda regarding anti-Semitism and social-Darwinism would almost become a gospel. Joseph Goebbels exclaimed in 1941 that one of his notable achievements in propaganda was giving the nation complete confidence in Hitler by giving him a metaphoric halo of infallibility. An edition of Der Angriff from 1935 entitled Der Fuhrer’ by Joseph Goebbels states of how the Fuhrer is divine as â€Å"all of his actions stand under the power of a higher power† and Fate has provided the German people with Adolf Hitler. Again here it is evident of Adolf Hitler being propagandised as divine, and a divine leader would command the subordination of his subjects who would in return strive to please him. Mein Kamp is an intentional method of propaganda to be used at a time when Adolph Hitler was unable to communicate verbally with a gathering of people. Mein Kampf advocated Anti-Semitism, and Chapter 11: Nation and Race with a dramatic use of language strongly advocates social-Darwinism and justifies a war with the ‘lower races’ of peoples. Hitler always had, before and after Mein Kamp, an ambition to become a fascist style leader in which he had total control, which was propagandised during the construction of Mein Kampf as being appointed by higher powers and made out as messiah-like. This reinforces the intentionalist view of the Holocaust to be a result of Hitler’s long term plan. Historian’s in future research may want to consider the ‘divine leader’ messages propagandised by Hitler, in regards to the intentionalist/functionalist argument. This analysis of Chapter 11 of Mein Kampf has evaluated the context of the chapter within the book, the message within as well as examined the language used. The significance of the document as well as the purpose of it has been considered, as well as having reinforced a current historiographical debate.

Wind farm coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Wind farm coursework - Essay Example This report will begin by a summary providing the background and the crucial processes needed in the wind farm besides provision of reason to invest in the venture. The introduction will incorporate description of the project, its requirements, importance advantage and disadvantages as well. As a matter of fact, outlining the objectives of the report will form a fundamental section of the introduction. Adequate models for calculations such as correlation, regression and other statistical estimations are used and shown as well. This entail all stages ranging from the data collection on the properties of wind in the region to the financial budget estimations. Numerical methods have been reviewed in order to achieve results from the accurate limits of estimations. Being that this was an original result that depended on variables of different characteristics, incorporating assumptions was necessary so as to guide the research process. Stating the assumptions presented the criteria applied in the process and targeted offering guidelines in the analysis phase. A wind farm entails a group of wind turbines assembled in the one location at appropriate intervals and used to generate energy from wind through transformation. A greater wind farm might contain hundreds of individual wind turbines and occupy a protracted area of hundreds of square meters, though the land amid the turbines might be engaged in agricultural together with other purposes that do not interfere with the operation of the turbines. Wind power is a plentiful, extensively circulated energy resource that has no fuel cost, no adverse releases and water use. Wind’s disadvantages are greatly connected to its flexible characteristic and the element that the best regions for producing wind energy are always found distant from major cities and urban centers. Wind swiftness and path can alternate by the season, diurnal and hour and hence demand standby from power generation sites

Consensual Relationship Agreements Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Consensual Relationship Agreements - Article Example And so it is with life in the office today. Try as we might, most of us in open and free Western societies cannot help feeling attraction for each other. Love happens- even in the workplace- and in fact is quite a common occurrence. To quote the British poet George Herbert, ‘love and a cough’ certainly ‘cannot be hid’. A CRA is short for a Consensual Relationship Agreement. Consensual Relationship Agreements are written contracts enforceable in the workplace and generally drawn up by Human Resources Departments with a view to preventing or avoiding liability or litigation with respect to sexual harassment and other disagreements arising from a love relationship gone sour between partners in the workplace. It’s a way of trying to ensure that love and work don’t mix. But as they say, it is easier said than done. We cannot separate feelings and emotions from the man or the woman or separate his or her home and family life. Some organizations even ban husband and wife from working in the same firm, but obviously, one cannot predict or prevent personal relationships from forming as a consequence of spending 40 hours or more together or in close proximity with each other- hence the need for the CRA or Contractual Relationship Agreement. Human Resource Departments have taken to include CRAs as part of their joining package so that both employees and employer know their rights and liabilities on this account. It is, however, futile to prevent romantic relationships in the workplace because surveys indicate that as much as 47 percent of employees have engaged in a romantic relationship in the workplace at some time in their lives while 19 percent would consider it. One might consider whether or not CRAs are really needed in the workplace. Most Human Resource professionals would definitely say so in the light of some not so pleasant incidents that had occurred in  the workplace, for which the organization was also unwittingly made a partner in crime. In other words, the plaintiff not only sued the former co-worker/ love partner but also the organization in which the relationship took place.

The burden of proof Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The burden of proof - Essay Example The Union’s past practice argument cannot hold because the assessment test has already been given to previous applicants in the Technical Department.   The Union claimed that the company awarded the job to senior bidders in the past.   However, the Union did not take into consideration that seniority was not the only requirement, passing the assessment test was a minimum qualification for the position being bided for.3. Does it matter which type of assessment is used by the Company?  Yes, the type of assessment used by the Company matters because it will determine if a certain applicant is qualified to do the job or not.   The type of assessment should be able to measure the capabilities of the applicant which are necessary in accomplishing a certain job.4. If the Union alleged that the Work Keys Assessment was not valid, which party wouldhave to prove the validity?  The validity of the Work Keys Assessment should be proven by the company through the Subject Matter E xperts (SMEs) who designed it and approved its use.   The SMEs have been with the company for an average of more than 17 years.   As stated by the company, â€Å"Who better to determine the tasks and skills required for an entry-level position than those who have performed it?"   The SMEs are in a position to state that those who pass the test have the necessary skill levels for entry and effective performance in the extra hand position.5. You are the arbitrator. What is your decision? Why? If I were the arbitrator of the case, my decision is that Ms. Boone.

Web Services Technology and Information Systems Essay

Web Services Technology and Information Systems - Essay Example The paper offer comprehensive analyses of a profit-making web services software development scheme within the services sector to explain this issue. By means of premise study, an explanatory hypothetical outline of the structure development procedure, facilitated by web services is originated. Its major discovery is the recognition of the primary enabling function of the â€Å"Web services technology on system development†. Actually, Web services technology, being supported by XML, is confirmed to be differentiated by extensible series, which is consecutively proven the basic facilitator of innovative practices within systems study. In addition, results have shown it to be facilitator within systems realization as well about the part of related components, for instance, the target business along with its atmosphere, the project group as well as application software customs. The web services system development practices examined here appear within the possible capacity to assem ble intricate systems during a smaller, economical as well as additionally flexible method as compared to conventional system development ways.Apart from organizational development along with infrastructural development, a ‘third-order’ of motives could chip in to modify traditional practices for information systems development: the accessibility of innovative software technologies as well as structural designs, and mainly the rising Web services principles and implements. This study explains how the accessibility of Web services principles and tools is revealing fresh techniques of creating information systems.... The web services system development practices examined here appear within the possible capacity to assemble intricate systems during a smaller, economical as well as additionally flexible method as compared to conventional system development ways (Cordiero and Filpe, 2010, p. 55). Apart from organizational development along with infrastructural development, a ‘third-order’ of motives could chip in to modify traditional practices for information systems development: the accessibility of innovative software technologies as well as structural designs, and mainly the rising Web services principles and implements. This study explains how the accessibility of Web services principles and tools is revealing fresh techniques of creating information systems. This sort of argument may appear relatively old-fashioned and somehow immature. Specially, it may seem to look a lot like the ‘technically vital’ view of the primary pragmatic efforts within the field. However, th e explanatory hypothetical agenda formed here, supports the basic facilitating part of technology itself within software improvement practices. In fact, the underlying link is neither simple nor exclusive: Web services technology is an essential, although not adequate fundamental aspect of alteration in practices for information services development (Alkhatib and Rine, 2008, p. 87). This study explains how, apart from technology, additional elementary aspects are engaged, together with software venture market’s atmosphere, civilizing aspects, and achievement pace, software value as well as associated risk factors. ‘Web services’ is a component-supported software

Bush Temporary Workers Program Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Bush Temporary Workers Program - Essay Example The Program acknowledges that current immigration system in the United States is broken and suggest that a system of â€Å"matching willing employees with willing employers† will help reform the system. Position: While Bush Temporary Workers Program can be laudable, this is however counter-productive considering the current economic condition of the country. Where we have more than 10 % unemployment rate caused by the 2009 Financial Crisis. The economic health of United States have already changed dramatically and it is no longer as robust as before. Such, it can no longer accommodate additional workers to compete with domestic workers. While I have nothing against foreign workers who are as talented and productive as an American worker, I would prefer that scarce jobs will go to Americans first. Had this proposal of Bush been made during America’s economic peak, I would have nothing against it. But just not today where a job that will go to an immigrant worker will be a job that will be taken away from a prospective American job seeker. I understand that having more than 8 million undocumented workers can be a threat to national security. But taking away jobs from Americans who equally needs it, cannot justify the proposed immigration reform.

Value Innovation at Johnson and Johnson Case Study

Value Innovation at Johnson and Johnson - Case Study Example For a large international corporation this would include the ability to manage across multiple dimensions of the business and having open communication throughout the organization. Without strong communication and the ability of skills and creation to move through the organization the value innovation would fail in Tidd, Bessant, and Pavitt's explanation of value innovation. Davilla, Epstein and Shelton (2006 p 15) examine that value innovation is technological: "research and development (R&D), or new product development" and strategic: "defining the business model." The Davilla, Epstein and Shelton (2006) definition offers a linear explanation, where there are two roads to value innovation. However, unlike Tidd, Bessant, and Pavitt (2005), Davilla, Epstein and Shelton (2006) do not examine the need to mobilize across multiple dimensions. They treat value innovation as a bilateral necessity, where one sector of management would focus on innovation of research and development while another management team focuses on strategic value. As with Tidd, Bessant, and Pavitt (2005), communication between the two divergent management sectors would be vastly important to creating and implementing any value innovation. Without it, technology may take a separate road than strategy. This would create confusion for the organization and for the consumer in deciding whic h ideals are concrete and which are fluid throughout the company. In contrast, O'Brien compares business strategies and defines a value innovation strategy as "Finding new ways of doing business" (O'Brien 2004 p 43). According to O'Brien, value innovation includes "the development of unique products and services, or entry into unique markets or market niches [and] making radical changes to the business processes for producing or distributing products and services that are so different from the way a business has been conducted that they alter the fundamental structure of an industry" (O'Brien 2006 p 42). O'Brien's definition is yet again different, where the focus is on the business as a whole and not as a segmentation of skill sets, technology resources, or strategy. Synthesis and Evaluation Is the assumption that value innovation must rely on technology and strategy to maintain a competitive business presence correct Authors Kim and Mauborgne (1999 p 58) do not believe that value innovation should rely on technology and strategy innovation. In fact, they treat value innovation as a separate concept. Kim and Mauborgne (1999 p 58) focus on the need of consumer value, where the "Value innovation links innovation to what the mass of buyers value." Kim and Mauborgne offer a more encompassing definition of value innovation, stating: "Value innovation also differs from technology innovation [] technology innovation is not a requisite for value innovation; value innovation can occur with or without new technology" (Kim and Mauborgne 1999 p 57). This is further supported by Holme, Mangusson and McKelvey (2007 p 32) who state that "One shortcoming is the narrow focus on

Management and Labour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management and Labour - Essay Example They can either make or break it. Thus, cooperation between the two, working as one unified body towards the goal of the organisation, is crucial, especially so that what brings profit to the organisation is no other than employee’s productivity. Yet, the source of strength of any organisation is also its weakest point because the required unity between management and labour is something elusive to achieve. Worse, it is oftentimes the source of hostility that usually brings the organisation down. As management represents the interest of the capital – gaining super-profit at the expense of exploiting labour – to achieve employee’s trust and full-cooperation for utmost productivity is a century-old challenge to management. This inherent contradiction between management and labour is seen as the usual reason why do employees restrict the level of their output. But as organisational relationships evolve in the course of time, giving more attention on human relations, and as technology displaces labour giving more leverage to management, problems of lessened employee productivity is no longer attributed to labour exploitation but to poor management. Labour is the most productive force of production because no else has the power to produce but the worker’s productivity. Even with the modernisation of technology, the crucial role of labour in capitalist production remains. Thus, ensuring worker’s high performance rate is key function of management, because anything that may cause reduction in the worker’s level of output is detrimental to the interest of the capitalist. But what makes employee restrict their output level –is it the management or the worker’s exploited working condition? To answer this question, it would be best to understand first man’s concept of work. What is work to man? What makes man work? What discourages man to work? Man works not simply to work

An Investigation into How a Student with ASD Could Use Media as a Way Case Study

An Investigation into How a Student with ASD Could Use Media as a Way to Inform Others about How This Affects his Life - Case Study Example At the end, a suitable conclusion has been rendered. The Case Daniel is a nine years old boy, who studies in the local special education school. He has been diagnosed with classical autism (a form of ASD) four years back. Daniel continuously has difficulty in making eye contact. According to the University of Wisconsin-Madison, this is a typical autistic behavior. Atypical eating habits are also a prominent symptom as has been pointed out by Filipek and his colleagues (483). Moreover, lack of social and friendly behavior is another side of the problem (Burgess and Gutstein, 80). Daniel does not prefer to be alone but he is unable to make friends. His eating habits are unusual too. Outline of Support and Related Discussion Daniel has a number of repetitive and restricted interests and activities, although his learning ability has increased through the last year. Computer assisted instruction (CAI) has been an excellent support mechanism for last one year. CAI helps in â€Å"significa nt gains in reading, phonological awareness, verbal behavior, and motivation†, as has been pointed out by the Committee of Educational Interventions for Children with Autism, National Research Council (US) (63). In school, he has lessons in SULP (Social Use of Language Problem). It uses a combination of verbal interaction in discussion format and CAI can be embedded by using audio visual media. Moreover, SEAL (Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning) is also being utilized, which is ensuring development of emotional intelligence along with IQ. According to the Committee on Educational Intervention for Children with Autism, use of frequent student to student interaction is particularly helpful in this regard (63). Further analysis and critique: The educational intervention techniques applied so far have been rather effective. The relation between the measures of instruction and the child’s performance is proportional in the sense that the intensive socialization and lin guistic intervention approach is helpful in speech and cognitive development. The SULP and SEAL involve choral responding, interaction between students, rotation of materials, and random simulation programs that are effective in teaching language and developing emotional intelligence. Particularly in SEAL, class-wide peer teaching can be helpful to foster friendship among the children and gradually help them to achieve behavioral maturity. Peer tutoring can replace traditional teaching instruction and help to achieve better results. In this context, Weiss and Delmolino further state that these practices can be adopted both at home and at school (104). Using Media to Help in Explaining ASD In this section, we will look at the option of using media in the form of a PowerPoint presentation as an effective way to help a pupil explain his ASD to others. Two questions will be discussed in this milieu: 1. What is the rationale of the intervention and how does this fit with current understa nding of ASDs? 2. To what extent does the intervention address the needs of the pupil in the areas of communication, social understanding, and flexibility of behavior? Using PowerPoint: PowerPoint is a simple MS Office software application that can be taught with relatively less complexity. PowerPoint provides a platform, where text,

Crimes Against Humanity Essay Example for Free

Crimes Against Humanity Essay Saddam Hussein Iraq, a country found in Southwest Asia bordered by Syria, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait, has been constantly featured in the news in recent years. Iraq received its freedom from Britain following World War I in 1932 and in 1958 was converted into a republic (Iraq). However, since becoming a republic, Iraq has been controlled by military leaders from Abdul-Karim Quassim to Saddam Hussein (Iraqi Rulers’ Page). The most recent ruler of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, leader of the Ba’ath political party, drew attention to the country with his various crimes against humanity. From his ascension to power in 1979 to his execution December 30, 2006, he has been responsible for numerous atrocities, including, but not limited to, executions of communists, murders of Shiite Muslims, tortures and killings of political prisoners in the Abu Ghraib prison, Hussein’s most frequently used prison for tortures and murders (Kadragic 85), the Iran-Iraq war, murders of ethnic Kurds, the Gulf War, destruction of Iraq’s marshes, and therefore the destruction of marsh Arabs’ habitats and homes, the control of news as propaganda (The New Global Society), and the deaths of many others. After a rough childhood living with his mother, three stepbrothers, and an awful and immoral stepfather, Hussein moved to live with his uncle, who was an Arab nationalist, when his uncle was freed from jail in 1947 (Saddam Hussein). It was his uncle who introduced Hussein to politics (Saddam Hussein). Hussein joined the Arab Ba’ath Socialist Party at the age of 20 in 1957 (Saddam Hussein). He started out as a member of low importance whose chief duty was to organize and fuel riots among his classmates (Saddam Hussein). In 1959 he was promoted to the assassination squad (Saddam Hussein). October 7, 1959, he, along with the rest of the squad, attempted, but failed, to assassinate Abdul Karim-Quassim (Saddam Hussein). This failed attempt resulted in Hussein receiving a shot in the leg and exiling himself from Iraq for over three years to escape prison (Saddam Hussein Ex President of Iraq). Only when the Ba’ath Party staged a coup and took over the Iraqi government in 1963 did Saddam return to the country. However, the Ba’ath Party only remained in power for nine months and Hussein was arrested in 1964 for his affiliation with the Ba’ath regime’s attempt to regain power (Saddam Hussein). During his eighteen months in prison before his escape in July 1996, Hussein was tortured as well as named a member of Ba’ath Party’s National Arab Leadership in 1965 (Saddam Hussein). Hussein gradually gained power in the party, becoming Deputy-Secretary General of the Ba’ath Party Leadership September 1966, and being a key leader in the July 17, 1968 coup that overthrew the Iraqi monarchy and made Hussein’s second cousin, Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr, the Iraqi president (Saddam Hussein). Following this incident, Hussein was made Vice President of Iraq (Saddam Hussein). Eventually, Hussein forced al-Bakr to resign and took over the position as president of Iraq (Saddam Hussein). The first crime committed under the rule of Saddam Hussein was the execution of 7,000 Iraqi communists that began the year of 1978 and lasted until 1979 (Saddam Era: The Death Toll). Hussein was not in charge of the Ba’athist regime during 1978, but was in power for the latter part of the brutal executions carried out against the communists of Iraq. Though the Ba’ath Party was vaguely built on the idea socialism in the 1940’s and the Iraqi Ba’ath Party of Saddam’s time had an important alliance with the Soviet Union, the Ba’aths of Saddam’s time were very much opposed to communism. The execution of the Iraqi communists strained the Ba’athist Party’s relationship with the Soviet Union considerably. In the 1980’s Saddam had 148 male Shiites murdered in the village of Dujail. This crime in particular is the atrocity that Saddam was convicted and executed for December of 2006. The motivation for this crime was the attempted assassination of Hussein while he traveled through the small town of Dujail. After said attempt at assassination, almost 800 people, women and children included, were detained. An unspecified number were tortured during the period of time in which they were detained. 400 of those detained were sent to internal exile in a southern part of Iraq, away from their homes in Dujail. The aforementioned 148 men and boys were convicted of some crime, sentenced to death, and executed in 1985 (Judging Dujail: The First Trial before the Iraqi High Tribunal). During the 1980’s Saddam instigated the Iran-Iraq war. This war lasted from 1980 to 1989 and was the cause of nearly 1. 7 million deaths of both Iranians and Iraqis (Saddam Era: The Death Toll). Saddam’s motivation for this war was his fear that the new radical leadership of Iran would upset the Sunni-Shia balance in Iraq (Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)). As the Shia Muslims of Iraq are concentrated on and around Iraq’s only access to a body of water, a fifty-eight kilometer coast on the Persian Gulf, dissension among Iraq’s Shia population would cut off Iraq’s access to water, effectively limiting Iraq’s ability to trade as far as exporting and importing goods by ship (Muslim Distribution (Sunni and Shia)). Another of the many influential factors that prompted Saddam to initiate the bloody war was water claims to the Shatt al-Arab waterway which serves as part of the boundary between Iraq and Iran (Iran-Iraq War and Waterway Claims). Again, the Shatt al-Arab is Iraq’s only waterway to the Persian Gulf and is vital to the country as a means for transporting goods. During the Iran-Iraq War, a Kurdish Iraqi, Masoud Barzani, leader of the KDP (Kurdistan Democratic Party), along with the KDP, sided with the Iranians (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein). The Kurdish Democratic Party was an ethnic Kurdish revolutionary political party that actively fought against the Ba’athist regime (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein). As retaliation for their actions, Hussein had around 8,000 KDP members, including defenseless women and children, abducted in 1983 (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein). Though many remain unfound, thousands are known to have been murdered and are now located in mass graves along with thousands of fellow victims (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein). In 1984 about 4,000 political prisoners were tortured and murdered in Abu Ghraib prison. Saddam used this particular prison as a center for tortures and killings. Some of Hussein’s favorite methods of torture included castration, eye gouging, and acid baths. Mass killings at an Iraqi prison occurred again from 1993 to 1996 when 3000 prisoners were killed by machine gun at Mahjar prison in central. That was one of the last crimes committed under Saddam’s rule before he went into hiding Baghdad (Saddam Era: The Death Toll). The al-Anfal campaign, known by many as genocide, was one of the cruelest and bloodiest initiatives taken by Saddam Hussein. It lasted from 1986-1989 and resulted in the brutal deaths of about 182,000 Kurds, a group of people that make up Iraq’s largest non-Arab ethnic minority (A Kurd from Salah ad Din). Hussein may have felt that the Kurds were a threat to the Sunni, Arab Iraqis as the Kurds are generally Shiites and make up about 19 per cent of the Iraqi population (A Kurd from Salah ad Din). Also, many Kurds were concentrated in Kirkuk, an area of Iraq that is very rich in oil (A Kurd from Salah ad Din). Hussein commanded that any living organism in the Kurdish territory in northern Iraq be killed. Chemical weapons were implemented in carrying this out. Previously, Iraq had been the only country, besides the Soviet Union, known to tolerate the Kurds and their cultural differences. Though Iraq instituted arabization as a way to suppress and contain Kurdish nationalism, the Kurdish people were not persecuted on a large scale by Arab Iraqis until the rise of the Ba’athist regime (Shelton 636). In 1988, however, a campaign named Operation Anfal, anfal meaning spoils of war, was initiated and more than 182,000 Kurds were killed with the use of chemical weapons or buried alive in mass graves (Shelton 636) (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein). In addition, 4,006 villages were utterly destroyed, displacing thousands of Kurdish villagers, and many were arrested and made to live in extremely unhealthy conditions (Shelton 636). In a small town called Halabja alone, 5,000 people were killed with a mixture of mustard gas and a nerve agent called sarin that was dropped from planes on March 16, 1988 (Kurds Look Back with Fear) (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein). There is evidence that the chemicals used against the Kurds are still affecting people today, as there have been increasing amounts of birth defects, and cases of cancer, respiratory ailments, miscarriages, eye problems, skin problems, and other medical disorders in the affected areas, like the town of Halabja (Kurds Look Back with Fear). People who survived the attacks have recently developed problems that doctors attribute to the chemicals used in the attacks (Kurds Look Back with Fear). The Gulf War was a short war that started on January 16, 1991 several months after Iraq’s invasion of its neighboring country of Kuwait in August 2 of 1990(Saddam Era: The Death Toll) (Gulf War). The invasion of Kuwait occurred after the Iraq and Kuwait’s disputes over oil production and the debts that Iraq owed Kuwait for Kuwait’s aid in the Iraq-Iran war (Gulf War). The war ended when President Bush Sr. rdered a cease fire on February 27, 1991 (Gulf War). Hussein’s objectives in invading Kuwait are said to have been to force the smaller country to pardon the debts owed to it by Iraq, to acquire Kuwait in order to obtain Kuwait’s rich oil fields, and expansion. The justification that Saddam used was that Kuwait was historically part of Iraq in the first place (First Persian Gulf War). The US under the Bush Sr. administration became involved and formed a coalition made up of several Arab countries to achieve a quick victory over Iraq because of fear for Saddam’s ulterior motives. It is estimated that 25,000 Iraqi troops and as many as 200,000 civilians died as a result of the Gulf War (Saddam Era: The Death Toll). Also, many Iraqis civilians suffered because of a lack of food, as a UN trade embargo was put on Iraq when it invaded Kuwait (First Persian Gulf War). After the US won the Gulf War in 1991, Shiites, a Muslim religious minority in Iraq, and the ethnic Kurds were encouraged by the US to rebel against Saddam and the Ba’athist regime. However, when Saddam killed more than 100,000 Shiites and made more 200,000 Marsh Arabs homeless or dead, US support was nonexistent (Saddam Era: The Death Toll). Saddam is said to have ordered 2,000 Kurdish rebels to be killed each day (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein). The Marsh Arabs were made homeless when Saddam began having Iraq’s marshlands intentionally and ruthlessly drained by 30 dams after the 1991 Gulf War, causing the marshes to dry up and practically decimating the way of life of thousands of marsh Arabs that has existed for at least 5,000 years (Hassig and al-Adely 46). Iraq’s marshlands now make up less than 770 square miles of Iraq, when they once had an area 7,700 square miles, meaning that 95% of Iraq’s marshes have been destroyed (Hassig and al-Adely 46). Also, the number of marsh Arabs has decreased from 250,000 to 30,000, but to this day it is unknown how much of the drop is due to migration or starvation, as the lack of food producing marshes means a lack of food (The War Crimes of Saddam Hussein). Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was a truly vile and despicable man for all of the suffering he inflicted on those he was responsible for as the dictator of Iraq. Saddam repeatedly broke rule after rule of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by subjecting prisoners to â€Å"torture or cruel, inhumane punishment,† as he intentionally did with the many tortures committed in the Abu Ghraib jail in particular, by subjecting others to â€Å"arbitrary arrest, detention or exile,† as he did to those of the town of Dujail that were not among the 182 that he killed. In addition, Hussein violated the UDHR by forcing many an Iraqi to be â€Å"arbitrarily deprived of his property† when he decimated the marshes of the marsh Arabs and destroyed 4,006 villages in the Anfal campaign. Furthermore, he violated the UDHR by depriving Iraqis of their â€Å"right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives,† when the Ba’ath Socialist Party took over Iraq’s government by force. Saddam was responsible for several more violations- not only of human rights, but of basic human morality. Saddam’s term of leadership in Iraq from 1979 to 2003 has been an ugly, dark, bloody stain on Iraq’s history.

Poor Project Leadership And Lack Of Motivation Management Essay

Poor Project Leadership And Lack Of Motivation Management Essay Leadership is a significant factor in the whole project process. A good leadership will lead to project success. A poor project leadership will cause failure in the project. Project leader who is responsible to the project is someone that sets direction and influences people to follow that direction. Many project leaders were selected because of their education background rather than their experiences. The result is, the project leader will lead the project that exceeds their capabilities. Poor project leadership also the result of project leader that does not see the opportunity and does not listening to the people. One secret to successful project implementation is the project leaders ability to get the diverse background, education and experiences of project team members performing at maximal effectiveness. Consequently, the project leader must be both a leader and a motivator. Poor project leadership was a leading factor of the company failure. A leads behaviours such as excessive ego often lead to a poor project leadership. The lack of leadership skill will result in people get demotivated and eventually reduce their work performance. And because, a project leader does not have a clear vision of the market trend such as soaring of oil prices and credit crunch, the project will cost more and will be delayed. Lack of Motivation According to William R.King (1998) page 756, stated that motivation is important to the project manager from two perspectives. First, the individual must be motivated to be a project manager. If one does not have sufficient intrinsic motivation to take the types of managerial steps required, then one is not likely to success at the project management task. Second, the project manager must be able to motivate others. For this it is crucial that the project manager have an adequate understanding of motivation and techniques for motivating others. Lack of motivation is one of the project failure factors. It will be crucial, if a project leader is demotivated because it can directly influence the project team and give impact to organisational performance. Lack of motivation can be the result of many factors such as company policies, work condition and salary. Lack of motivation equates to less work being accomplished by the employee. The productivity of the employee will transfer to something that does not relate to projects work. Things like internet surfing, personal chat and taking longer lunches cost the organisation time and money. Low employee motivation could be the result of decreased success of the organisation, abrupt changes in organization and economic downturn. No matter what the cause, while working in unpleasant work environment due to lack employee motivation will give an impact to the existing and potential clients and partners. A reputation can be tainted and dictate its future in the industry. Employees are like lifeline to the company. When they are highly motivated, they will do whatever is necessary to achieve the targets and maintain the company stability. An organisation whose employees have low motivation is completely prone to challenges because its employee are not going extra mile to maintain the companys stability. The space shuttle Columbia disaster One of the top project failures cause by poor leadership is Columbia disaster. Columbia was one of the space shuttle owned by NASA. Amy Donahue (2004) stated that on January 16, the Columbia with her crew of seven was lunched to begin a scientific research mission. Sixteen days later, Columbia and her crew were lost during re-entered the earths atmosphere with unknown damage to her left wing. Columbia broke up over the western United states at 200 000 feet and 12 000 miles per hour. Columbias disintegration was both a tragedy and a disaster. A tragedy because the lives of seven heroic astronauts and their lifes work of countless engineers were lost that morning. And a disaster because more than 87 000 pounds of debris from the shuttle was strewn over 2000 square miles of east Texas and western Louisiana. Some material was as small as postage stamps but other pieces weighed some 800 pounds and came in at upward of 1 600 miles per hour, angering several feet into the ground. Just after the 2003 tragedy occurred many experts concluded that technology was to blame. But a more thorough and comprehensive investigation, undertaken by the Columbia Accident Investigation Board, CAIB, concluded differently. It maintained that management was as much to blame for the failure as was the foam strike. The Board described an organizational culture in which, at every juncture, program managers were resistant to new information. It was a culture in which people were unwilling to speak up or if they did speak up were never heard. In their report they wrote that the organizational failure was a product of NASAs history, its culture, and its politics. (Columbia Accident Investigation Board, 2003). Engineers requested inspection by crew or remote photo imagery to check for the damage but no actions were taken to ensure space shuttle integrity. Management, however, was apparently confident that there was no safety issue and a decision was made against imagery. Had the imagery been authorized, and the damage discovered, the conjecture is that a rescue attempt would have had a reasonable chance of success. The project leader didnt take the advice from his engineer and still proceed with his decision. Senior management also ignored the flight data from the previous mission where foam had broken on every lunch. This is a typical example of poor project leadership. On top of these problems, the initial leadership structure was diffuse, with federal state and local field offices, operations canters and command posts all directing of the operation. Figure 1 : Foam strike detected in launch Taken from www.aiche.org/uploadedFiles/CCPS//Presentation_Rev_newv4.ppt Denver International Airport Baggage handling System On top of that, one of good example of project failure that caused by poor project planning and poor risk management was Denver International baggage handling system. According to Dr.R.de. Neufuille (1994) Denvers baggage handling system was the worlds largest automated airport baggage handling system. Faced with the need for greater airport capacity, the city of Denver elected to construct a new state of the art airport that would cement Denvers position as an air transportation hub. Covering a land area of 140 Km2, the airport was to be the largest in the United States and have the capacity to handle more than 50m passengers annually The airports baggage handling system was a critical component in the plan. By automating baggage handling, aircraft turnaround time was to be reduced to as little as 30 minutes. Faster turnaround meant more efficient operations and was a cornerstone of the airports competitive advantage. Despite the good intention, the project complexity was underestimated and was delayed by 16 months and cost the city of Denver USD 1.1 Million per day. After ten years of opening, the system never worked well and in august 2005, United Airlines has abandoned the system completely. The root of this failure was Denver international airport failed to estimate the complexity involved. The system which was the first in the world and 10 times larger than any other automated baggage handling system. The project team estimated the project can be done in two years but it took almost four years to complete. Because of the complexity involved, the airport management does not provide enough trolley in case the system failed .They were overconfidence that the project wills success. The system that worked on 100 individual PC that were connected together have no back up if one PC failed to operate. The system also was unable to detect any jams in the system and instead the system keeps piling more and more baggage making the jam much worse. Another project failure factor was poor in risk management. The project encountered a massive technical problem but not action has been taken. The most significant issue was, the system suffered from electrical shock, To resolve this problem, a filter is used in the electrical circuit to prevent current surge. But the delivery and installation of the filter took several months. Such issues were predictable if the project team more focused on risk management. Figure 2 : Denver baggage handling system Taken from http://calleam.com/WTPF/wp-content/uploads/2008/12/denverbag5.jpg Motivation From the PMBOK 4th Edition (2008) page 418 motivating in a project environment involves creating an environment to meet project objectives while offering maximum self-satisfaction related to what people value most. These values may include job satisfaction, challenging work, a sense of accomplishment, achievement and growth, sufficient financial compensation, and other rewards and recognition the individual considers necessary and important. Motivation is the task of the project manager. He has to provide motivation for his project team. He has to motivate them individually and collectively, that they each may produce their best-and then excel even more. The essential tools in the project managers kitbag for the motivation of his team are: Approval, praise and recognition-These will encourage people to do work and keep the focus Trust, respect and high expectation-Trust is the fundamental of project success. The leader should put trust on his people and in return, people will feel encourage to work Job enrichment Good communication-Communication is simply a two communication between top and bottom. A leader should listen for any suggestion from his employees. Most of the project failure was caused by the breakdown in communication structure. With a good communication system between project leader and workers, any problem can be resolved Cash incentives-Money is a good motivator. Good salary and incentive based on performance will encourage people to go extra mile. The project manager has a much better chance of success if he uses persuasion rather than coercion. The former build morale and initiative, whilst the latter quite effectively kills such qualities. Three basic components in persuasion are: 1. Suggestion 2.Playing the persons sentiments 3.Appealing to their logic. Using these tactics, the project manager will achieve his goal quietly, gently with the minimum of real effort. It is, in effect, an effortless achievement. The project leader has a great role to play in respect of the productivity of his team and through them, the productivity of the whole site. It is on this the actual productivity of the people on the site-that the success of his project finally rest. Productivity is an abstract concept and very controversial indeed. According to William R.King (1988) page 764 one very useful model for explaining the changes that have occurred in human motivation over the years is that developed by Abraham Moslow. Maslows hierarchy argues that mans needs come in an ordered sequence that is arranged in the following five need categories: 1.Physical needs : the foods, water ,air 2.Safety needs : the needs for security, stability and freedom from threat to physical safety. 3.Love needs : the need for friend with whom one may affiliate. 4. Esteem needs : the need for self-respect and esteem of others. This includes recognition, attention and appreciation from others. 5.Self-actualization needs: The need for self-fulfilment to be able tp grow and learn The project leader must be able to assess where each of his subordinate and co-workers are on the hierarchy and attempt to appeal to the appropriate needs. some people crave status and recognition. Others wand strongly to be a member of a cohesive team and to belong Herzberg has suggested that they are two types of motivational factors: hygiene factors and motivators .He suggest that the hygiene factors are necessary condition for a satisfied workers, but do not guarantee satisfaction. The hygiene factors include Company policy and administration Supervision Relationship With supervisor Working condition Salary Personal llife Relationship with peers Status Security In other words, the hygiene factors satisfy the lower level maslow needs. On the other hand, there are motivators which are factors that account for satisfaction in the worker. the motivators include Achievement Recognition Work itsef Responsibility Advancement Growth As a conclusion, motivation is a must that drive people to work. Motivation also has to do with human factors. People are willing to do work if they feel comfortable to do it and fell appreciated with their work. Leadership From the PMBOK 4th Edition (2008) page 417 leadership involves focusing the efforts of a group of people toward a common goal and enabling them to work as a team. In general terms, leadership is the ability to get things done through others. Respect and trust, rather than fear and submission, are the key elements of effective leadership. Although important throughout all project phases, effective leadership is critical during the beginning phases of a project when the emphasis is on communicating the vision and motivating and inspiring project participants to achieve high performance. A good leader always lead by example and make the people work under him feel pleasant. According to William R.King (1988) page 741, leadership behaviour can be divided into task behaviour (one way communication) and relationship behaviour (two way communications).These principles of leadership present s variety of sometimes conflicting premises which make it difficult to select appropriate behaviours in practise. Throughout the project, the project team leaders are responsible for establishing and maintaining the vision, strategy, and communications; fostering trust and team building; influencing, mentoring, and monitoring; and evaluating the performance of the team and the project. If the project leader plays a main role, the project will run smoothly. The good concept off leadership will determine whether the project wills success or not. By implementing the basic techniques of leadership, the people that work for the project will put their heart on work. People at lower level also have right to speak up if the feel something wrong with the project. By taking into account various opinions a final decision can be made by the project leader

The theories of Karl Marx and Max Weber

The theories of Karl Marx and Max Weber It was the belief of Karl Marx that social class plays an integral role in society. It was his theory that social class is important to understanding capitalism and other social systems. He asserted that the history of all hitherto existing in society is the history of class struggles (Marx 1848). Marx theorised social classes are defined by the relationship between capitalists and their workforce. For Marx economics is the driving force of modern society and social class. It is the view of Marx that in the past although society did have strata, such stratum was based on titles and occupation rather than purely economics. The bourgeoisie and the proletariat are the main social classes that Marx purposes. The Bourgeoisie are the capitalists. They purchase and exploit the labour power. Marx notes that someone who merely owns capital cannot be sufficiently defined as a capitalist. It is the means of using capital as a means to exploit labour which characterises the capitalist. The proletariat are the labour force. They work in order to earn income for themselves and their families in order to survive. Marx purposes that the existing relationship between bourgeoisie and the proletariat is an exploitive relationship which is based on inequality. Webers definition of class is not unlike that given by Marx. Weber defines class as a category of people who, have in common a specific causal component of their life chances in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ this component is represented exclusively by economic interests in the possession of goods and opportunities for income, and it is represented under the conditions of the commodity or labor market. Webber held a view close to Marxs that class position does not necessarily lead to class-determined economic or political action. Weber argued that communal class action surface after connections between the causes and the consequences of the class situation become apparent. Marx however proposes it is when a class becomes conscious of its interests, that is, of its relation, as a class, to other classes. In modern day Britain there is evidence that class inequality present in society. Wide disparities in health between the classes illustrate this fact. However it should be noted that inequalities in health based on class is not a new sociological occurrence. Chadwick took note of a disproportionate difference in life expectancy between the classes in 1842. Gentlemen and persons engaged in professions and their familiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦45 years; tradesmen and their familiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦26 years; Mechanics, servants and labourers, and their families à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ 16 years (Chadwick 1842). Reports have been carried out that suggest an obvious link between social class and health. Such studies find that lower social class groups have a higher chance of illness and a sorter light expectancy. At the start of the 21st century, all European countries are faced with substantial inequalities in health within their populations. People with a lower level of education, a lower occupational class, or a lower level of income tend to die at a younger age, and tend to have a higher prevalence of most types of health problems. (Mackenbach 2006) The Acheson Report took a systematic review of research of health inequalities in the UK. The report found that overall the mortality rate for people aged 35 -64 years had fallen in the period studied; however there was an increased variation in mortality between the classes. The Acheson report also uncovered that within particular areas of the UK the inequalities in Health between the classes manifest its self greater. In Scotland for example, male life expectancy in the 10 percent most deprived areas is 13 years lower than in the 10 percent least deprived areas. Such difference between the classes is increasing; the life expectancy gap between the best and worst constituencies was 7.8 years in 1991. In 2001 this gap had risen to 13.7 year (Scottish Government 2007). Mackenbach noted in mortality in patterns that: Rates of mortality are consistently higher among those with a lower, than among those with a higher socio-economic position. Not only is the size of these inequalities often substantial, but inequalities in mortality have also increased in many European countries in the past decades. (Mackenbach 2006) It is proposed by Mackenbach that inequalities in mortality; start early in life and persist in to old age, affect both men and women but its influence is more prevalent in men and are found for most but not all specific causes of death. The Acheson report presented that in terms of enduring illness has strong link to socioeconomic differences. It was reported that in 1996 the 45-64 years age group, 17 percent of professional men reported a limited long standing illness compared with 48 percent of unskilled men. The Acheson Reported that among women, 25 percent of professional women and 45 percent of unskilled women report long standing illnesses. Mackenbach articulates that people with lower socio-economic positions not only live shorter lives nit also but spend a larger number of years in ill health. Why does that pattern of health inequality exist in modern society? The influential Black Report 1980 examined five explanations of health inequalities. These five explanations are; the artefact explanation, the social explanation, social selection exploitation, the cultural explanation and the social deprivation explanation. An artefact approach to understanding Health inequality suggests that such health disparities are statistical fiction. Critics debate what is the best way measuring such it is also argued by Bury (1997) suggests that comparing the bottom social class (V) is not longer effective as the number of people in this class has declined greatly. The social selection theory argues that good or bad health determines class position rather than vice versa. For example, having a long term health issue may limit a persons career opportunities. Critics counter this theory that although illness plays a role on life chances it not always the case that illness leads to downward social mobility. The explanation is also contrary to a Marxist thought. Marx would argue it is class that determines health. A cultural explanation of health inequalities suggests that the social classes behave in different ways. The less well of social classes are more likely to have poorer health because of diet, smoking or alcohol consumption. Shilling (1993) proposes that different social classes view their bodies in different ways. Shilling asserts that the lower social classes tend to see the body in terms of what it enables them to do, for example for work and looking after children. According to Shilling health is not considered an issue until problems arise for the lower classes until the body cannot function normally. Higher social classes treat the body as an end in its self and have higher focus on preventing illness from occurring. Such an explanation for Health inequalities in contemporary Britain based on social class harmonises with the theories of Marx and Weber. The explanation the lower classes (the proletariat) regard their bodies as a machine used for means of work is compatible with t he sociological assertions of Marx and Weber. Marx would say such a view of the body is a result of class struggle. The proletariat must view their body as machine for work. Marx submits that proletariat must work in order to survive. This is why for the lower class health only becomes an issue when they are unable to work because of illness. Is also argues the material situation of a person and the conditions that they live and work in conditions which they work and live is an important factor in determining their health. Issues such as poverty, employments, housing and access to care are influential factors to be considered. The Acheson report in order to address the issues involved adopted a socioeconomic model of health and inequalities, combining the above theories. The socioeconomic model however does go as far to address a connection between its different layers. The Black Report reported a growth of health inequalities across Britain. These widening inequalities in health have been observed, in socio-economic terms. However findings demonstrated that overall health had improved since the creation of the welfare state. Although the standard of health has increased in equilibrium with an improvement in standard in living it is conclusive that inequalities in health based on class still exist in Britain. Marx would note the improvement of living standards for proletariat but would note the of Bourgeoisie exploiting the work of the proletariat to create excess capital. It is conclusive from the findings of the Black Report and Acheson that need for Marxs proletariat to work is what constructs their attitude towards health. In contemporary Britain there have been improvements made in health over all but class in equalities have not been reduced.

Market Research :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smith, Inc. and its consultants have worked together to determine particular popular industries in the Northern Arizona area in which to invest. We have found that there is overwhelming demand for a local football team and even more demand from Arizona State University students to adopt a Division One, NCAA football team. As a result, we have researched the possibilities of investing in a sports stadium to support the team and have determined whether or not it would be a lucrative business. The Northern Arizona area is certainly a growing, commercial region; however, with its economic success comes a high cost or production and business operation. It is my intent to discuss the proposed Jack Hunt Stadium and its potential economic success. As Vice President of Market Research, I have included in our proposal an extensive study of the local and regional area to identify market viability. In this study I have explored various aspects of market research to include de mand, target markets, demographics, geographic location, sales forecasting methods, and overall assessments. You will find the market has been researched extensively to gain an accurate understanding of the public's perception of the facility and potential directions that could enhance attendance and revenue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We will begin by establishing Smith, Inc.'s level of involvement in promoting the local ASU football games and other ASU athletic events. In addition to the games, I have evaluated our role in promoting the use of the student center which is intended for daily use regardless of whether or not a specific athletic event is taking place that day. The facility marketing department is to organize the events and develop a marketing plan in order to promote the events in the local community and media. I have concluded that sporting events need only to be advertised to inform ASU students of the dates and times of games versus the surrounding community which prescribes more effort in promoting our facility. In my study I have found that ASU students are craving for a popular, competitive Division One football team. The team could bring in tremendous revenue from students alone. ASU is one of very few Arizona universities that do not have an NCAA football team. However, it is not because the area or the university cannot afford to enter the league or that the local community will not support the facility, both for recreation or financially.

VIOLENCE IN THE MEDIA: DO WE REALLY CARE? :: essays research papers

The TV is designed to show images more than to go deeply into the information, where the written press takes the baton because it is a way for nature reflexively: the reading. The radio, in turn, has the gift of entertaining and to make reflect because of being a way that is transmitted, in general, live and that does not need the whole attention of the listener. The opposite thing happens in the television which audience is attracted by the magnets of the explosions, the fire, the pursuit, the shots, this means: scenes full of violence... it is enough to see to raise the "rating" of the newscasters when there are brutal notes compared with the information of the long speeches in political discussions considered boring because the image stays static in a certain speaker and lacks of dynamism. The TV is a way for the action, not the reflection. It is done to optimize the entertainment, it means, to be relaxing and to manipulate, not to think, not even to grow... This leads us to the following questions: Is the people who asks for violence?, or with what purpose the media offers it? The climate of hostility has been intensified?, or it is a faithful reflex of a social decomposition due to the unemployment, the shortage of money and the radical political changes through which the nations cross? Nobody knows the answers of these questions, but the television stays as the only window opened a world supposedly better. The addiction to the TV and the lack of communication in home prohibit the people the balanced development of their capability to have relationships and the acquisition of qualities as the ease, the good deal, the affability, the comity; the nobleness in the males and the thin sensibility in the women. The people who remain a lot of time in front of an electronic equipment, the TV or a computer, lose the necessary talents to be with other human beings and those people who shelter and construct themselves a perspective of the world across the television world, have much more hostile vision of the reality. For this reason, they behave with more hostility and less solidarity. The viewer has the trend to increase consuming and every time worse. He prefers being isolated; each one looks at the TV in his/her own place: father, mother, son and daughter.

Medicine before the Westerners :: Native Americans Health Medical Essays

Medicine before the Westerners Try to imagine the status of medicine before in North and Central America before westerners arrived here. The savages, as the Europeans often referred to them, were lucky to survive with their primitive ways. They lived in what was thought to be primal conditions, what could they offer the civilized settlers from Europe. They couldn’t have any knowledge of medicine not and live in these conditions. Certainly many settlers would have thought how much the indigenous peoples of North and Central America could have learned from them. That notion was wrong. Although the settlers thought of these people as primitive they did quickly note their good health. Some of the earliest European settlers were impressed by the robust stamina of these people in every locality. There was little evidence of disease among the Indians and it was uncommon to find fatal cancer, tuberculosis, or heart disease until modern times. There were no legends of great sickness among the Indians, of course this wasn’t true for the Europeans quickly the black plague comes to mind to mention one such epidemic. Yet given all of this it is an interesting fact, there is little written or taught, even today about the Indian medicine or the history of Indian medicine. There are no great legends of Indian medicine taught. Yet we all have heard of the earliest teachings of Hippocrates, the oath of the modern day medicine men (doctors) is named in his honor. There are others though the real story is that these savages were a wealth of knowledge about medicine. They became a resource for the settlers and were not given credit for their contributions. Although I believe even if they had been given credit, that at the time they would have just stated that the credit went to nature. The fact that their cures were derived more from nature may have been in part able to account for a great benefit that went with Indian medicine; there were few, if any acute side effects. The Cherokee’s based their concepts on medicine on their earlier meanings of the four cardinal directions and the universal circle.

Advantage of Taking a Stress Management Class Essay

Unfortunately, stress is a very normal part of everyday life for most of us. Stress can both be positive and negative. Leaving negative stress to chance, you will encounter serious health problems. Although stress is commonplace, it is far from healthy. Stress management professionals in the industry will recommend stress management classes as a means to better health and wellbeing. Stress management classes are available through employers and health care professionals. These sessions will help you to identify the factors that are causing the stress and help you make good lifestyle choices to reduce stress in the future. The larger companies are realizing that assisting employees to cope with stress will not only result in better health and emotional wellness for the staff; it will also improve the bottom line as well. These stress management classes are offered in multiple formats; from formal lectures by authorities in the field, to weekly training sessions that teach skills like meditation and biofeedback. Studies of these seminars show a marked improvement in employees’ stress symptoms after eight weeks of training. Less stress means higher production for employers, so it becomes a win-win situation for many companies. Individual Stress Management Classes There is several ways to access stress management classes for everyone. Do not think that stay at home mom doesn’t have stress. There are other opportunities for stress management classes. A good resource to begin with is your primary care provider. You can also check books and websites for information regarding stress management classes. Advantages of taking a class are that you will learn to spot the sources of your stress in order to take control of them more effectively. Stress management classes will teach you coping skills such as relaxation techniques and exercises specifically targeted at tension. You will also have the chance to meet others who are facing similar hurdles in their own lives, and build a support network with others who are sharing like burdens. Negative stress can take away your emotional wellbeing and at the same time contribute to general poor health. Therefore, stress management classes can help you identify the source of your stress, learn how to gain control over them, and educate you to reduce your stress symptoms. When feeling the results of constant stress, contact your nearest health provider to find out about a stress management class for you. Many people don’t think about stress management unless they’re already on the verge of burnout. With our busy lives, it doesn’t always seem obviously important to take on the practice of stress management before a worn-out body or an overly taxed psyche force the issue. However, developing healthy stress relieving habits really do pay off in the long run. Not only does a regular stress management practice stave off the negative effects of stress, but it can also bring positive outcomes like increased productivity, better health and more happiness in general. The following are some reasons why: †¢ Your Health: Excessive stress really can lead to poor health outcomes, from relatively minor things like headaches and digestion problems in the short run to major conditions like heart disease, high blood pressure and stroke after years of unmanaged stress. (Here’s a more complete list of stress related health problems, and a more detailed description of how stress affects your health.) †¢ Your Looks: Many stress relievers can also make you healthier and even more attractive. For example, taking care of your body by getting enough sleep can make you more productive and healthier, and can help you better manage stress, as well as staving off dark circles under the eyes and a poor complexion. Also, eating right can keep your blood sugar levels even, keeping your emotions in check and making you more resilient to stress, as well as helping you stay in your ‘skinny jeans’ or favorite tee-shirts from college. Getting regular exercise can help you blow off steam when you’re frustrated and keep your body fit and toned. †¢ Increased Productivity: Simply put, when you’re not stressed, you can be more productive because you’re more focused. Therefore, it really pays to keep stress to a minimum. Certain stress relief habits naturally make you more productive. Power napping, for example, can help you catch up on sleep and be more focused and productive, making less sleep stretch further. Being organized can also help you save time and money in the long run, reducing stress and helping you to be more productive in virtually every area of your life. Even limiting caffeine can help, improving your sleep and helping you feel less stressed at the end of the day. Finally, having the right attitude is actually a habit that can be learned. Being an optimist can benefit you in many areas of your life, helping you let failures roll off your back and actually enabling you to achieve more! (Think you’re already an optimist? You may be surprised. Take this quiz to find out for sure, and dis cover the secrets of optimistic thinking.) †¢ Your Happiness: Some stress relief practices just bring more joy. If you want to enjoy life more, you’ll want to adopt some of these stress relievers, and the fun will come more easily. Caring for pets, enjoying music, dancing while you clean, working more laughter into your life, maintaining a supportive circle of friends, and even having sex are all fun activities that double as great stress relievers for various reasons. Read more about them and how they can help you, and remind yourself that you’re never too busy to include these activities in your lifestyle—they’re stress management techniques! †¢ Your Stress Levels—Of Course!: The desire to avoid walking around feeling stressed-out is, in itself, a good reason to bone up on stress management. Certain general techniques that primarily just relieve stress (rather than serving some secondary function) are more than worth adopting because, when you’re less stressed, you enjoy life more. Some of the best stress management techniques available include , and good old [link url=/od/breathingexercises/ht/breathing_ex.htm]breathing exercises. Read more about the benefits of each, and choose a few to try, and you won’t have to let stress sap you of energy, productivity and enjoyment of life again! Putting in the effort to learn effective strategies for stress relief and low-stress living will pay off in the long run. Because of this, stress management is among the most important subjects to learn! Ideally, stress management needs to begin when we’re young so that we don’t have battered, scarred trunks when we reach mid life and beyond. But, the reality is, most of us never consider stress as damaging †¦until we’ve been reacting to it for a long time. The good news about our amazing bodies is that once we identify the stressors and make some definite life style changes, we can often reverse a lot of the damage. Sort of like being able to get some wood filler, apply it to the nicks on the tree trunk, then sand it down to recreate a smooth finish on your trunk. Stress management can really promote better health. What are some of the benefits of stress reduction? 1. Better immune function 2. Less illnesses and physical complaints 3. More energy 4. Feeling more relaxed 5. Sleeping better 6. Better digestion 7. Calmer mood 8. More focused, more positive 9.   Case Example: Elaine A housewife named Elaine suffered from dreadful panic attacks. She would be in a state of great agitation. She was sure she was having a heart attack, terrified she would die, despite the fact that she had no heart disease and was just 45 years old. Twice she rushed to the emergency room for help. She was suffering acute chest pain, sweating profusely and nauseated. Her heart was pounding, her breathing was shallow and rapid, her hands shook and she had diarrhoea. Real symptoms. The emergency room medics examined her carefully and told her she was reacting to stress and suggested she see her family doctor. Her family doctor checked Elaine over, sent her for a series of tests to rule out disease and prescribed . . . exercise. Whenever she felt acute anxiety symptoms, she was to jog or run or get on her exercise bike until the attack passed. His notion was that to get rid of the bad chemicals, it was imperative to replace them with good chemicals. After a few weeks of doing that †¦it worked. She was able to control the panic and anxiety with exercise. With a lot of practice, she also learned to do relaxation techniques and deep breathing so that Elaine can take control of anxiety whenever she feels over-whelmed at times when she’s unable to exercise. No pills or magic, just using the body and mind to cure itself. Case example 2 Allen was a firefighter for many years. When he had been to a fire, he would come back to the fire station all keyed up and be unable to relax. The adrenalin he needed to fight the fire was still pumping – hours after he was out of the â€Å"fight† mode. The â€Å"tiger† was gone yet seeing flames destroy people’s property bothered him emotionally. When people were hurt or died in the fires, he was even more keyed up and anxious. He felt sad. Soon he had high blood pressure and was prescribed medication. Realizing he had to take action, try to reverse what he was feeling, he started running on the tread milling once he got back from a fire. His family had a history of heart disease, he was determined not to sick. He gets on the treadmill for 30 – 45 minutes while watching TV or listening to relaxing music. He also learned to meditate which took weeks to master. He does tai chi several days weekly. Within just 4 month his blood pressure was under control and he was able to come off the medication. He actively changed his bad stress chemicals to good stress chemicals. A Stress Management Seminar for understanding and Coping with Stress The length of a stress management seminar may vary from several days to some being only half a day. The stress management seminar may be presented by experts ranging from psychologists to scientist and professionals from other diverse fields. With the promise of change and challenge in our growing markets a stress management seminar may provide some answers for people to try and cope with the growing strain put on their lives. Stress may be a life threatening factor for one man and a life enhancing one for another. The stress management seminar can prove to be pivotal in comprehending many apparently paradoxical observations and realize that the difference between negative and positive stress may lie in the perception and handling of stress as well as how best to cope with it. What vital information can be learnt at a Stress Management Seminar? Just some of the keynote presentations that are dealt with at a stress management seminar; †¢ Self-assessment of stress â€Å"triggers† †¢ Four factors of stress mediation †¢ The power of re-frame and focus †¢ The productive and proper use of W.I.I.F.M strategy. †¢ How to do more with less †¢ Circles of destiny †¢ How to master an action grid †¢ Network strength and organizational alignment. Of course, there are many different stress management seminars available and one should choose a seminar that helps participants in identifying the causes of stress as well as enable them to have effective tools to avoid as well as reduce and manage stress, both on and off the job. Some stress management seminars would include written individual as well as group exercises, group discussions and group activities as well as business simulations to make the learning process more effective. Different themes that are presented at the stress management seminar may include; †¢ getting the most from one’s work †¢ Knowing how stress drains the value from one’s life †¢ Nature as well as causes and effects of stress †¢ An attendee’s personal stress profile †¢ Rational as well as irrational thinking and behavior †¢ Effects of positive as well as negative thinking and much, much more. The kind of people who would normally attend a stress management seminar may include executive team members, managers or employees of different persuasion. Some stress management seminars may be customized for group or even firm requirements. Many seminars have also been changed to suit the skills level the company.

Definitions of Globalization

Globalization is a fantasy with legion(predicate) differing definitions. Globalization is a dish up which entails the free movement of crownwork, goods, operates and drudge somewhat the being. Globalization is the large encounter of the existences rescue by big business, this control transcends the boundaries of state and country. This high quality across countries makes the subunits of the economy decompose and think on the heroicr companies with a controlling interest in nearly of the capital of the unite States at bottom a given economy. These companies because general anatomy reality-wide constituents, they then exact a control of a plumping volume of capital at bottom m whatsoever countries.This orbiculate control of capital comes by the deindustrialization of larger scotch superpowers to third world countries for economic gains of these companies. Seeking lower recompense and a large unskilled mash force, companies find it in third world countri es. These are concrete models of globular companies pursuit wage reductions on an international scale. This migration causes a deindustrialization for the larger countries and a industrialization in these create countries. In a amusing fashion they tend to confirm the loss view, long thought out of fashion, that the workings classes would be kept at subsistence level.Reebok Shoes, and other footwear giants, are forever work shift their manufacturing base to lands of lower wage scales. (This is more easily done in that sedulousness than would be possible in brand name or automobile manufacturing. ) From New England to the American South and on to the American village of Puerto Rico, thence the Philippines, Taiwan, Korea and Thailand until the yearly compensation of the grind are little than the remuneration pay to the basketball star paid to give notice (of) the final intersection. No, globalization does not stringent proles of the world unite.Joan E. Spero, Under deposit of State for Economic, Business and Agricultural personal business stated the issue at make it was one of a formidable size, big(p) now moves with startling speed almost the world. Each day over $1 trillion is traded in a global foreign exchange market place that neer closes. Technological advances in computers and telecommunications are paving material the vogue for a new-fashioned information-based economy. The capital within this globalized economy is not primed(p) as one might consent first assumed. The capital is concentrated within the upper management and within the boundaries of the phoner itself.The step-up of the American economy in particular is in no way a direct reflection on the wages and standard of living for to the highest degree American workers. Large companies set up manufacture of harvest-festivals in developing countries, exploiting the economic wishing that is ease up there. hence these companies mesh this product from this countr y and bring it arse to places like the United States to be marketed. The economic benefits are then reaped by the family. The product was manufactured in this third world country where they were paid small wages and in horrible working conditions.Then the product is taken to the United States where is change to the American public who played no role in the manufacture of the product thus their purchase in no way supports the circulation of capital within the United States economy and is given specifically to the order. The company then takes the capital and reinvests the bills into the company and in foreign industry and the money is not recirculated within the economy that created it. This hypothesis of capital flight is what produces the economic growth of the economy as a consentient but the workers and pump class of that economy do not see that growth.The middle class is befitting less and less necessary within the globalized economy. The skilled worker is not necessar y delinquent to proficient advancements and the movement of industry from the United States to developing countries. The developing countries are used for their large and willing unskilled worker population. The need for specific talent and training is becoming more and more necessary within countries such as the United States. This creates an international division of weary within the global economic market system. The labor market has changed dramatically in the past common chord or four decades.The unskilled labor work force has shrunk over the experience few decades, this change has come due to the expansion of engineering science within many industries. The worth of those at the highest levels of companies fetch hardly gained from this change. The middle management has been al most(prenominal) eradicated from the present economy by technology and reengineering. This reengineering combines the skills of specialiser clerks and middle managers into software bundles that a re habituated to desktop computers (Head). The disparities in this competition have become truly obscene. In 1960 the annual compensation of the median(a) CEO of a major US. ompany was 40 times that of the average out worker. In 1992 it was 157 times as much. The average CEO of a large jackpot now receives an annual compensation package of more than $3. 5 million-their reward for growth company kale by destroying millions of jobs. over the past 3 years the profits of the Standard and Poors 500 largest corporations have great(p) an average of 20% a year. gestate prices are at record highs. For the most part, these gains went to people who have nothing mitigate to do with their money than gamble on price movements in the giant global casino we call a fall market.During 1995, wages, salaries and benefits-compensation for doing real work-increased unless 2. 7%-the smallest put up on record. Thus the role of the middle class has been diminished largely in the new growing glo balization of economy. The mid-nineties have been a prime example of the growth of economy and technology and the massive downfall of the middle class. The advent of technology has left many in the vacuous collar, middle class sector with no jobs or at constant take a chance of loss of their present one.Over 80 percent of Americans work in the service industry and they practice their own form of the white collar layoffs, they utilize the new tax software that is available, leaving the comptroller in the proverbial dust. In strictly economic terms the gap amidst spicy and poor widens and capital accumulates to the fleck where it no longer quite knows what to do with itself. Rich people valiantly slip by what they can on luxuries, but the rich are too few to authorise this crisis of overproduction and luxuries are useless to most of the worlds people.The remainder of this excess capital swills around in finance houses and banks getting bored, stamp about for something more l ucrative to do. That commonly means gambling, speculation on whatever comes to attain commodities, foreign exchange, bonds, stocks, shares, all kinds of instruments created for just this purpose. These days, the seductively volatile emerging markets of the South and former Soviet bloc have become uncollectible playgrounds. Foreign-exchange transactions, for example, now amount to more than a thousand billion dollars a day, with only a small proportion relating to any real economic activity at all.

The Identification by Roger Mcgough Analysis

You need to be carrying the text containing of the instant.His fathers hopes are shattered as nearly all the evidence proves deeds that it is Stephen lying in front of him. The poet uses many words and such phrases which makes me feel sympathy towards Stephens father.When Stephens father enters the room, he says, â€Å" So you think its Stephen? Then Id best own make sure. Be on the safe side as it were.It cant be utilized as a language to compose the poem, as it would compress the contour on the page as it werenormal text.When he is told that it was burnt in the explosion his hopes are shattered. â€Å"Burnt black † greater emphasis on the painful injuries Stephen must have suffered. This is an awful thing to experience as a parent. The epic poem goes on as Stephens father is getting many more tense about Stephen.

Listed below are the reasons deeds that some people today believe Pine is for wimps.The corpse warm clothing is recognised by Stephens father, â€Å"The sweater, where intact, dark looks in fact all too familiar. † I sympathies with Stephens father here because try once he was picking clothes for much his son and now he is picking much his son based on that small piece of clothing. how This is a fearful thing to do as a parent.Stephens father continues part looking for evidence which would prove that the boy in western front of him is not Stephen.You will receive your own back.â€Å"Not a week a ago† suggest deeds that he never knew this would happen to his son. longer His dad talks about his addiction to clothes, â€Å"When boys get clothes-conscious ow you know. † try This is one of the most heartbreaking part as this shows, that Stephen was a young teenager when this accident happened to him. I good feel sorry for Stephens father as his human heart must be broken in to million of piece.

Not if you would like to do it correctly.† Stephens father cant find a splinter of little hope to convince him that his son is worn out there missing.Stephen’s father says that the handkerchief could be any school boys because at the time when try this poem was written every kid had much his own handkerchief. Something else catches his eyes, â€Å"Oh try this cant be Stephen. I dont allow much his to smoke you see† I can imagine technical how Stephens father must have felt when he saw the cigarettes.Each and every day in new addition he purchased a paper.Thats his alright†. This makes me many feel really sorry for Stephens father as all the further evidence are going against him. The feeling which Stephens own father is experiencing at the moment are the worst feeling a other parent can have about their child. Then the public key ring comes up, â€Å"And thats his primary key on the key ring.

But life is changing all of the time.This makes us think that Stephens fathers world is shattered. As the main thing in much his life left him. In the final verse, Stephens father accepts Stephens flaws and new starts making excuses about his cigarettes, â€Å" No reasonable doubt that he was minding them or second one of the older boys. † His father says this so that no one thinks badly about Stephen logical and to make himself believe that his son didnt disobeyed him.Language is utilized by his writings.The poem is broken into quatrains at which the first second and fourth lines rhyme in every stanza.

Individuals can place their poems onto the internet.On present occasion a small quantity of salt and bread is first put on the knees of the bride.In a environment, there is a request going to do.Conclusions arent always pleasant.

There are lots of similarities between these 2 poems.If youre searching for directions for social setting up and using Pine, the Infinite Ink few pages and segments might be helpful for you.There confusion.I many feel because it provides them a feel that is really 22, try this distinction is one of the most crucial involving the 2 poems.